-
Amano, T., & Toichi, M. (2016). The role of alternating bilateral stimulation in establishing positive cognition in EMDR therapy: A multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study. Brain and Behavior, 6(11), e00533. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.533
-
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
-
Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R., & Lewis, C. (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12), CD003388. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4
-
Brewin, C. R. (2011). The nature of trauma memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(5), 624–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20690
-
EMDR Association UK. (2020). Dr Francine Shapiro obituary 1948–2019. https://emdrassociation.org.uk/effective-authentic-accredited/about-emdr-association-uk/dr-francine-shapiro-obituary-1948-2019/
-
EMDR International Association. (n.d.). About EMDR therapy. Retrieved September 23, 2025, from https://www.emdria.org/about-emdr-therapy/
-
EMDR International Association. (2019). EMDR International Association definition of EMDR. https://www.emdria.org/emdr-training/become-a-virtual-basic-trainer/emdr-international-association-definition-of-emdr/
-
EMDR International Association. (2021). EMDR therapy beginnings: Francine Shapiro. https://www.emdria.org/blog/emdr-therapy-beginnings-francine-shapiro/
-
EMDR International Association. (2022). Clinical practice guideline for EMDR therapy.
-
EMDR International Association. (2023). EMDR certification. https://www.emdria.org/emdr-training/emdr-certification-2/
-
Hase, M. (2021). The structure of EMDR therapy: A guide for the therapist. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 660753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660753
-
Hase, M., & Brisch, K. H. (2022). The therapeutic relationship in EMDR therapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 835470. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.835470
-
Hase, M., Schallmayer, S., & Sack, M. (2017). EMDR reprocessing of the addiction memory: Pretreatment, posttreatment, and 1-month follow-up. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 11(2), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.11.2.84
-
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
-
Khan, A. M., Dar, S., Ahmed, R., Bachu, R., Adnan, M., & Kotapati, V. P. (2018). Cognitive behavioral therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Cureus, 10(9), e3250. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3250
-
Korn, D. L., & Leeds, A. M. (2002). Preliminary evidence of efficacy for EMDR resource development and installation in the stabilization phase of treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(12), 1465–1487. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10099
-
Landin-Romero, R., Moreno-Alcazar, A., Pagani, M., & Amann, B. L. (2018). How does eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy work? A systematic review on suggested mechanisms of action. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01395
-
Lee, C. W., & Cuijpers, P. (2013). A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.001
-
Levine, P. A. (1997). Waking the tiger: Healing trauma. North Atlantic Books.
-
Lewis, T. (2023, October). Window of tolerance and emotional dysregulation (Dr. Dan Siegel) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNVlppGz0zM
-
Lucas-Thompson, R. G., McKernan, C. J., & Henry, K. L. (2018). Unraveling current and future adolescent depressive symptoms: The role of stress reactivity across physiological systems. Developmental Psychology, 54(9), 1650–1660. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000530
-
Matthijssen, S. J., Lee, C. W., de Roos, C., Barron, I. G., Jarero, I., Shapiro, E., & van den Hout, M. A. (2020). The current status of EMDR therapy, specific target areas, and goals for the future. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 14(4), 241–245. https://doi.org/10.1891/EMDR-D-20-00039
-
Maxfield, L. (2019). A clinician’s guide to the efficacy of EMDR therapy. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 13(4), 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.13.4.239
-
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Schema. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 23, 2025, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/schema
-
Miller, P. W. (2023a, January). Exploring the differences: Understanding EMDR therapy vs. other therapies [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/X91DqNyavic?si=brl73tqMT-igZ8_j
-
Miller, P. W. (2023b, January). How does EMDR work in the brain? The neuroscience of EMDR with professor Paul Miller at Mirabilis [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IgG2jO89G8
-
Miller, P. W. (2023c, June). How does bilateral stimulation (BLS) work in EMDR therapy? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRHeQCdhAtk
-
Miller, P. W. (2023d, June). What is AIP? The adaptive information processing model and how to use it in EMDR [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/h1GEtmPGbsw?si=CArbAzzqV-w2x0RJ
-
Mount Sinai Health System. (2023). How trauma affects the brain. https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/trauma-and-the-brain
-
Murray, K. (2011). Container. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(1), 29–30. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.5.1.29
-
Parnell, L. (2019). A therapist's guide to EMDR: Reaching the heart of the matter. The Guilford Press.
-
Peacock, R. (n.d.). 3 methods of target sequencing. Compassion Works. Retrieved September 23, 2025, from https://compassionworks.com/3-methods-of-target-sequencing/
-
Porges, S. W. (2017). The pocket guide to the Polyvagal Theory: The transformative power of feeling safe. W. W. Norton & Company.
-
Powers, A., Stevens, J. S., Bradley, B., & Jovanovic, T. (2022). Right inferior frontal gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal activation during response inhibition is implicated in the development of PTSD symptoms. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2059993. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2059993
-
Shapiro, F. (1989a). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2(2), 199–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490020207
-
Shapiro, F. (1989b). Eye movement desensitization: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20(3), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(89)90025-6
-
Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
-
Shapiro, F. (2014). The role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in medicine: Addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse life experiences. The Permanente Journal, 18(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/13-098
-
Shapiro, F. (2018). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
-
Shapiro, F., & Laliotis, D. (2011). EMDR and the adaptive information processing model: Integrative treatment and case conceptualization. Clinical Social Work Journal, 39, 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-010-0300-7
-
Shapiro, R. (2016). Easy ego state interventions: Strategies for working with parts. W. W. Norton & Company.
-
Siegel, D. J. (2012). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
-
Siegel, D. J. (2020). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
-
Solomon, R. M., & Maxfield, L. (2019a). Francine Shapiro. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 13(3), 158–160. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.13.3.158
-
Solomon, R. M., & Maxfield, L. (2019b). Memory reconsolidation, emotional processing, and the psychotherapeutic action of EMDR therapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938
-
van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.
-
World Health Organization. (2013). Guidelines for the management of conditions specifically related to stress. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241505406
-
Zone in to find your own window of tolerance. (2023, May 27). Newcastle Herald, 0.